![]() ![]() Similarly, recognition memory in a continuous list of words has been shown to be more robust for words repeated in the same voice relative to a new voice. For example, the recognition of words presented in noise is enhanced when listeners are familiar with the talker relative to words produced by an unfamiliar talker-an advantage that emerged for testing 5 minutes after exposure, but also up to a whole week after exposure. These studies show that properties of a talker's voice affect the processing of linguistic content in an utterance. These approaches have also been supported by a number of behavioral and neural studies showing that linguistic and indexical information are functionally integrated during speech processing, ,, ,,. In contrast to abstractionist models, episodic approaches to speech processing contend that linguistic and indexical information are encoded and stored together in memory. The finding that indexical and lexical information are dissociable is consistent with abstractionist accounts. Similarly, individuals with a neurological deficit that affects voice perception (phonoagnosia) show normal language comprehension skills. For example, individuals with language deficits following a stroke do not show concomitant deficits in identifying speakers. This abstractionist approach has been supported by a number of neuroscientific studies, which have shown that these two types of information are processed differently in the brain, ,,. The emphasis in this line of work has been on how abstract linguistic units can be extracted from the immense variability in the speech signal. Traditionally, the perception of linguistic content has been studied separately from the indexical properties of talkers. The same auditory signal conveying all of this linguistic information also carries a wealth of information about the speaker: social (e.g., regional or social dialect features), affective (e.g., whether the person is happy, sad, excited, fatigued etc.), and personal (e.g., sex, age, as well as the size and shape of the vocal tract), ,, ,, ,,. ![]() Content is composed of several levels of linguistic information: sounds (phonological information), word-forming units (morphological information), combinations of words into sentences (syntactic information), and the meanings of words and word combinations (semantic information). ![]() Spoken language contains information both about the content of a message and about the speaker of that message. The results show that acoustic-phonetic modifications implemented in listener-oriented speech lead to improved speech recognition in challenging listening conditions and, crucially, to a substantial enhancement in recognition memory for sentences. In both experiments, semantically normal and anomalous sentences were included to investigate the role of higher-level linguistic information in the processing of speaking style variability. Second, we compared recognition memory for sentences produced in conversational and clear speaking styles. First, we examined the extent to which clear speech provided benefits in challenging listening environments (i.e. Here we conducted two experiments to examine the role of speaking style variation in spoken language processing. It is well established that speakers can modulate the characteristics of their own speech and produce a listener-oriented, intelligibility-enhancing speaking style in response to communication demands (e.g., when speaking to listeners with hearing impairment or non-native speakers of the language). changes in speaking style within a talker) on the encoding of speech signals in memory. However, relatively little is known about the consequences of intra-talker variability (i.e. Extensive research shows that inter-talker variability (i.e., changing the talker) affects recognition memory for speech signals.
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